Orgone
Orgone energy is a hypothetical universal
life force originally proposed in the 1930s by
Wilhelm Reich.
[1][2][3] In its final conception, developed by Reich's student Charles Kelly after Reich's death, Orgone was conceived as the anti-entropic principle of the universe, a creative substratum in all of nature comparable to
Mesmer's
animal magnetism, the
Odic force of
Carl Reichenbach and
Henri Bergson's
élan vital.
[4] Orgone was seen as a massless, omnipresent substance, similar to
luminiferous aether, but more closely associated with living energy than inert matter. It could coalesce to create organization on all scales, from the smallest microscopic units—called bions in orgone theory—to macroscopic structures like organisms, clouds, or even galaxies.
[5]
Reich's theories held that deficits or constrictions in bodily orgone were at the root of many diseases—including cancer—much as deficits or constrictions in the libido could produce neuroses in Freudian theory. He created the Orgone Institute to pursue research into orgone energy after he immigrated to the US, and used it to publish literature and distribute material relating to the topic for more than a decade. Reich designed special "orgone accumulators"—devices ostensibly collecting and storing orgone energy from the environment—for improvement of general health or even for
weather control.
[1] Ultimately, the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) obtained a federal injunction barring the interstate distribution of orgone-related materials, on the grounds that Reich and his associates were making false and misleading claims, and later jailed Reich and destroyed all orgone-related materials at the institute after Reich violated the injunction.
[2] Contrary to common misconception, Reich always rejected the idea that the accumulator could provide
orgastic potency.
[6]
The concept of orgone belongs to Reich's later work, after he immigrated to the US. Reich's early work was based on the
Freudian concept of the
libido, though influenced by sociological understandings with which Freud disagreed but which were to some degree followed by other prominent theorists such as
Herbert Marcuse and
Carl Jung. While Freud had focused on a
solipsistic conception of mind in which unconscious and inherently selfish primal drives (primarily the sexual drive, or libido) were suppressed or sublimated by internal representations (
cathexes) of parental figures (the
superego), for Reich libido was a life-affirming force repressed by society directly. For example, in one of his better known analyses Reich observes a workers' political rally, noting that participants were careful not to violate signs that prohibited walking on the grass; Reich saw this as the state co-opting unconscious responses to parental authority as a means of controlling behavior.
[9] He was expelled from the Institute of Psycho-analysis because of these disagreements over the nature of the libido and his increasingly political stance. He was forced to leave Germany very soon after Hitler came to power.
[10]
Reich with one of his
cloudbusters, a device which supposedly could influence weather by altering levels of atmospheric orgone.
He wrote in his best known book,
The Function of the Orgasm: "Between 1919 and 1921, I became familiar with Driesch's 'Philosophie des Organischen' and his 'Ordnungslehre'... Driesch's contention seemed incontestable to me. He argued that, in the sphere of the life function, the whole could be developed from a part, whereas a machine could not be made from a screw..... However, I couldn't quite accept the transcendentalism of the life principle. Seventeen years later I was able to resolve the contradiction on the basis of a formula pertaining to the function of energy. Driesch's theory was always present in my mind when I thought about vitalism. The vague feeling I had about the irrational nature of his assumption turned out to be justified in the end. He landed among the
spiritualists."
[12]
The concept of orgone was the result of this work in the psycho-physiology of libido. After his migration to the US, Reich began to speculate about biological development and evolution, and then branched out into much broader speculations about the nature of the universe.
[4] This led him to the conception of "bions": self-
luminescent sub-cellular
vesicles that he believed were observable in decaying materials, and presumably present universally. Initially he thought of bions as
electrodynamic or radioactive entities, as had the Ukrainian biologist
Alexander Gurwitsch, but later came to the conclusion that he had discovered an entirely unknown but measurable force, which he then named "orgone",
[4] a pseudo-Greek formation probably from
org- "impulse, excitement" as in
org-asm, plus
-one as in
ozone (the Greek neutral participle, virtually
*ὄργον,
gen.:
*ὄργοντος).
[13]
For Reich, neurosis became a physical manifestation he called "body armor"—deeply seated tensions and inhibitions in the physical body that were not separated from any mental effects that might be observed.
[14] He developed a therapeutic approach he called
vegetotherapy that was aimed at opening and releasing this body armor so that free
instinctive reflexes—which he considered a token of psychic well-being—could take over.
Evaluation
Orgone was closely associated with sexuality: Reich, following Freud, saw nascent sexuality as the primary energetic force of life. The term itself was chosen to share a root with the word
orgasm, which both Reich and Freud took to be a fundamental expression of psychological health. This focus on sexuality, while acceptable in the clinical perspective of Viennese psychoanalytic circles, scandalized the conservative American public even as it appealed to
countercultural figures like
William S. Burroughs and
Jack Kerouac.
In at least some cases, Reich's experimental techniques do not appear to have been very careful, or to have taken precautions to remove experimental bias.
[15] Nevertheless, conclusions based on these unreplicated informal sensory observations by Reich and his associates are still regarded and relied upon as fact in current publications by orgonomists. Reich was concerned with experimental verification from other scientists.
Albert Einstein famously agreed to participate, but thought Reich's research lacked scientific detachment and experimental rigor; he found Reich's demonstrations of "orgone heat" inconclusive.
[16]
Orgone and its related concepts were quickly denounced in the
post-World War II American press.
[17] Reich and his students were seen as a "cult of sex and anarchy," at least in part because orgone was linked with the title of his book
The Function of the Orgasm, and this led to numerous investigations as a communist
[18] and denunciation under a wide variety of other pretexts.
[19] He was, as the
New York Times later put it, "much maligned".
[20] The psychoanalytical community of the time saw his approach to healing diseases as quackery of the worst sort, partly because of his comments about
UFOs.
[21] In 1954, the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration successfully sought an injunction to prevent Reich from making medical claims relating to orgone, which (among other stipulations) prevented him from shipping "orgone devices" across state lines.
[22] Reich defied the order and was jailed, and the FDA took that opportunity to destroy any of Reich's books which mentioned orgone, along with research materials and devices.
[3][22][23][24]
Some of Reich's observations have been replicated by other researchers. Stefan Müschenich, in his
Master's thesis, demonstrated effects of orgone accumulators on test subjects in keeping with Reich's original descriptions, while subjects exposed to a known "dummy box" showed no such effects.
[25] As of 2007, the
National Institutes of Health database
PubMed, and the
Web of Science database, contained only 4 or 5
peer-reviewed scientific papers published (since 1968) dealing with orgone therapy.
